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Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a major staple crop, and black rice is increasingly valued for its nutritional and economic importance. In South Sumatra, Indonesia, rainfed lowland swamp ecosystems offer substantial potential for rice cultivation, but productivity is constrained by alternating flooding and drought stress. The introgression of the Sub1 gene provides tolerance to submergence and supports the development of adaptive black rice cultivars. This study aimed to evaluate the agronomic performance of six black rice lines carrying the Sub1 gene under rainfed lowland conditions. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Agronomic traits, including phenology, tillering, yield components, and grain yield, were recorded and analyzed using analysis of variance, correlation, and principal component analysis (PCA). Significant differences among genotypes were observed for most agronomic traits, indicating substantial genetic variability. Regita5 and Febry1 showed superior performance, producing the highest grain yields of 3.53 and 3.37 t/ha, respectively, supported by higher numbers of productive tillers and filled grains per panicle. Correlation and PCA results revealed that grain yield was primarily influenced by tillering capacity and grain production traits, whereas 100-grain weight and phenological traits contributed weakly or negatively. These findings demonstrate that black rice lines carrying the Sub1 gene, particularly Regita5 and Febry1, possess strong agronomic potential for cultivation and as breeding materials in stress-prone swamp ecosystems, contributing to sustainable rice production under climate variability.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Fikri Adriansyah, Entis Sutisna Halimi, Septiani Septiani
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
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References
Asma, J., D, S., & D, K. (2023). The global lifeline: a staple crop sustaining two-thirds of the world’s population. Agriculture Archives, 2(3), 15–18. https://doi.org/10.51470/agri.2023.2.3.15
Bin Rahman, A. N. M. R., & Zhang, J. (2023). Trends in rice research: 2030 and beyond. Food and Energy Security, 12(2), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.390
Dar, M. H., Bano, D. A., Waza, S. A., Zaidi, N. W., Majid, A., Shikari, A. B., Ahangar, M. A., Hossain, M., Kumar, A., & Singh, U. S. (2021). Abiotic stress tolerance-progress and pathways of sustainable rice production. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(4), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13042078
Ding, Y. Gang, Zhang, X. Bo, Ma, Q., Li, F. Jian, Tao, R. Rong, Zhu, M., Li, C. Yan, Zhu, X. Kai, Guo, W. Shan, & Ding, J. Feng. (2023). Tiller fertility is critical for improving grain yield, photosynthesis, and nitrogen efficiency in wheat. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 22(7), 2054–2066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jia.2022.10.005
Gladysha, U., Halimi, E. ., Hasmeda, M., & Sarimana, U. (2021). Morphological characteristics and pleasant relationship between crossing of black rice accesion with inpara 5 that containing SUB-1 Genes. BIOVALENTIA: Biological Research Journal, 7(1), 39–43. https://doi.org/10.24233/biov.7.1.2021.207
Goswami, K., Thapa, D. B., Sandilya, J., & Deka, N. (2023). An assessment of economic profitability of black rice (Oryza sativa L. indica) production in Assam, India. Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 34(November 2022), 100488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmap.2023.100488
Hori, K., & Sun, J. (2022). Rice grain size and quality. Rice, 15(1), 0–2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12284-022-00579-z
Hossain, M., Ivy, N., Raihan, M., Kayesh, E., & Maniruzzaman, S. (2021). Genetic variability, correlation and path analysis of floral, yield and its component traits of maintainer lines of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Bangladesh Rice Journal, 24(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3329/brj.v24i1.53235
Jia, W., Ma, M., Chen, J., & Wu, S. (2021). Plant morphological, physiological and anatomical adaption to flooding stress and the underlying molecular mechanisms. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(3), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22031088
Liao, P., Bell, S. M., Chen, L., Huang, S., Wang, H., Miao, J., Qi, Y., Sun, Y., Liao, B., Zeng, Y., Wei, H., Gao, H., Dai, Q., & Zhang, H. (2023). Improving rice grain yield and reducing lodging risk simultaneously: A meta-analysis. European Journal of Agronomy, 143(November 2022), 126709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2022.126709
Mabreja, A. D., Reyes, V. P., Soe, T. K., Shimakawa, K., Makihara, D., Nishiuchi, S., & Doi, K. (2024). Evaluation of grain-filling-related traits using taichung 65 x DV85 Chromosome Segment Substitution Lines (TD-CSSLs) of Rice. Plants, 13(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13020289
Merrick, L. F., Herr, A. W., Sandhu, K. S., Lozada, D. N., & Carter, A. H. (2022). Optimizing plant breeding programs for genomic selection. Agronomy, 12(3), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12030714
Mohidem, N. A., Hashim, N., Shamsudin, R., & Man, H. C. (2022). Rice for food security: revisiting its production, diversity, rice milling process and nutrient content. Agriculture (Switzerland), 12(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12060741
Oladosu, Y., Rafii, M. Y., Arolu, F., Chukwu, S. C., Muhammad, I., Kareem, I., Salisu, M. A., & Arolu, I. W. (2020). Submergence tolerance in rice: Review of mechanism, breeding and, future prospects. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(4), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041632
Parida, A. K., Sekhar, S., Panda, B. B., Sahu, G., & Shaw, B. P. (2022). Effect of panicle morphology on grain filling and rice yield: genetic control and molecular regulation. Frontiers in Genetics, 13(May), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2022.876198
Ratmini, N. P. S., & Herwenita. (2021). The characteristics of swampland rice farming in South Sumatra: Local wisdom for climate change mitigation. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 724(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/724/1/012033
Ratmini, N. P. S., Herwenita, & Irsan, F. (2021). Climate change mitigation through superior varieties use to increase rice production in tidal swamp land. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 824(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/824/1/012019
Swarup, S., Cargill, E. J., Crosby, K., Flagel, L., Kniskern, J., & Glenn, K. C. (2021). Genetic diversity is indispensable for plant breeding to improve crops. Crop Science, 61(2), 839–852. https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20377
Takai, T. (2024). Potential of rice tillering for sustainable food production. Journal of Experimental Botany, 75(3), 708–720. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erad422
Wang, X. (2022). Managing land carrying capacity: key to achieving sustainable production systems for food security. Land, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/land11040484
Yadav, K., Kumar, M., Gulaiya, S., Singh, N., Singh, S., Salar, A., Joshi, M., Pal, S. S., & Singh, P. P. (2024). Adverse impacts of lodging and strategies for management in cereal crops: a comprehensive review. Plant Archives, 24(2). https://doi.org/10.51470/plantarchives.2024.v24.no.2.069
Yuan, R., Mao, Y., Zhang, D., Wang, S., Zhang, H., Wu, M., Ye, M., & Zhang, Z. (2024). The formation of rice tillers and factors influencing it. Agronomy, 14(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14122904
Yustisia, Raharjo, B., Suparwoto, Khairullah, I., & Riyanto, D. (2023). Productivity and agronomic efficiency of inundation tolerance rice in the swampland: a review. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1172(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1172/1/012005