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Abstract
Reclamation of post-mining coal land requires effective revegetation strategies to accelerate ecosystem recovery and establish sustainable vegetation. The purpose of this study was to evaluated the effects of fertiliser dose on the vegetative growth of Pterocarpus indicus, Delonix regia, and Melaleuca cajuputi grown in post-mining reclamation soil. The experiment was conducted using plants cultivated in polybags containing reclamation soil and subjected to different fertilizer doses. Growth was evaluated based on plant height, stem diameter, and number of leaves, while data were analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) at a 5% significance level. The results showed that increasing the fertiliser dose up to 5 kg produced the best overall growth, with mean plant height, stem diameter, and number of leaves reaching 82.80 cm, 3.76 cm, and 188.22, respectively. Fertiliser dose significantly affected the growth of P. indicus and M. cajuputi (P<0.05), whereas D. regia showed a relatively stable response to increasing fertilizer doses. Overall, a 5 kg fertilizer dose was the most effective treatment for promoting vegetative growth under the tested reclamation-soil conditions. These findings provide a basis for optimizing fertilizer application and selecting suitable plant species for revegetation of post-mining coal land.
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References
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- Hadi, W. N. (2025). The role of revegetation in rebuilding ecosystem functionality in post mining environments : A synthesis of global evidence. 02, 1648–1656.
- Hapsari, L., Trimanto, T., & Budiharta, S. (2020). Spontaneous plant recolonization on reclaimed post-coal mining sites in East Kalimantan, Indonesia: Native versus alien and
- succession progress. Biodiversitas, 2(5), 2003–2018. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d210527
- Hardjowigeno, S. (1995). Ilmu tanah. (Edisi Revi). Akademika. Pressindo.
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- Kozlowski, T., & Pallardy, S. (1997). Growth control in woody plants. In Elsevier. Academic Press.
- Kusumawati, A. (2021). Soil fertility & fertilization. In R. Ubaidillah (Ed.), Poltekes LPP Press (Pertama). Poltek LPP Press.
- Lestari, D., Fiqa, A., Fauziah, & Budiharta, S. (2019). Growth evaluation of native tree species planted on post-coal mining reclamation site in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 20, 134–143. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d200116
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- Wenshi, H., Zhifeng, L., Fanjin, M., Xiaokun, L., Rihuan, C., Tao, R., Sharkey, T. D., & Jianwei, L. (2020). The reduction in leaf area precedes that in photosynthesis under potassium deficiency: the importance of leaf anatomy. New Phytologist, 227, 1749–1763. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.16644
- Wong, Y. K. (1982). Horticultural notes on the Angsana (Pterocarpus indicus). The Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore, 32(2), 189–201.
- Ye, T., Li, Y., Zhang, J., Hou, W., Zhou, W., Lu, J., Xing, Y., & Li Xiaokun. (2019). Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilization affects the flowering time of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Global Ecology and Conservation, 20, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00753
- Yuningsih, L., Hermansyah, Ibrahim, E., & Marsi. (2021a). Analysis on the characteristics of ex-mining soil after 5 years and 10 years of revegetation. Media Konservasi, 26 (3), 239–247. https://doi.org/10.29244/medkon.26.3.239-247
- Yuningsih, L., Hermansyah, Ibrahim, E., & Marsi. (2021b). Diversity, structure and composition of vegetation in post-coal mining reclamation area in Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 22 (8), 3392–3400. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d220836
References
Davidson, J. (1993). Ecological aspects of Eucalyptus plantations. Proceedings of the Regional Expert Consultation on Eucalyptus, 35–60.
Hadi, W. N. (2025). The role of revegetation in rebuilding ecosystem functionality in post mining environments : A synthesis of global evidence. 02, 1648–1656.
Hapsari, L., Trimanto, T., & Budiharta, S. (2020). Spontaneous plant recolonization on reclaimed post-coal mining sites in East Kalimantan, Indonesia: Native versus alien and
succession progress. Biodiversitas, 2(5), 2003–2018. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d210527
Hardjowigeno, S. (1995). Ilmu tanah. (Edisi Revi). Akademika. Pressindo.
Herdiansyah, G., Sofyan, E. T., Bawana, S., & Herawati, A. (2020). Application of maggot fertilizer and rock phosphate on NPK content of gold mine soil. Soil and Water Journal, 17 (Juni), 56–64.
Jiaying, M., Tingting, C., Jie, L., Weimeng, F., Baohua, F., Guangyan, L., Hubo, L., A, L. J., Zhihai, W., Longxing, T., & Guanfu, F. (2022). Functions of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in energy status and their influences on rice growth and development. Rice Science, 29 (2), 166–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsci.2022.01.005
Juniarto, A., Hardiwinoto, S., Faridah, E., & Mansur, I. (2025). Regeneration status and floristic composition at pioneer stands on reclaimed ex-coal mine sites in South Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 26 (7), 3446–3459. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d260735
Kozlowski, T., & Pallardy, S. (1997). Growth control in woody plants. In Elsevier. Academic Press.
Kusumawati, A. (2021). Soil fertility & fertilization. In R. Ubaidillah (Ed.), Poltekes LPP Press (Pertama). Poltek LPP Press.
Lestari, D., Fiqa, A., Fauziah, & Budiharta, S. (2019). Growth evaluation of native tree species planted on post-coal mining reclamation site in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 20, 134–143. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d200116
Navarro-Ramos, S. E., Sparacino, J., Rodríguez, J. M., Filippini, E., Marsal-Castillo, B. E., García-Cannata, L., Renison, D., & Torres, R. C. (2022). Active revegetation after mining: What is the contribution of peer-reviewed studies? Heliyon, 8 (3), e09179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09179
Nutayla, N., Rejo, A., & Adhiguna, R. T. (2023). Coal post-mining reclamation using Pterocarpus indicus. Journal of Ecological Engineering, 24 (12), 366–376. https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/174091
Rusdiana, O., Mulyana, D., & Willujeng, C. (2013). Potential carbon storage cccounting of Acacia and Eucalyptus stands in the reclamation area of PT. Bukit Asam (Persero) Tbk. Tropical Silviculture, 4 (3), 183–189. https://doi.org/10.29244/j-siltrop.4.3.%25p
Sawyer, J. (2004). Nutrient deficiencies and applica tion injuries in field crops. Lowa State University.
Silva, E. P. da, Armas, R. D. de, Ferreira, P. A. A., Dantas, M. K. L., Giachini, A. J., Rocha‐Nicoleite, E., González, A. H., & Soares, C. R. F. S. (2019). Soil attributes in coal mining areas under recovery with bracatinga (Mimosa scabrella). Letters in Applied Microbiology, 69 (1), 17–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/lam.13153
Šimanský, V., Jonczak, J., Horváthová, J., Igaz, D., Aydın, E., & Kováčik, P. (2022). Does long-term application of mineral fertilizers improve physical properties and nutrient regime of sandy soils? Soil and Tillage Research, 215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2021.105224
Singh, S., Parihar, P., Singh, R., Singh, V. ., & Prasad, S. . (2016). Heavy metal tolerance in plants: role of transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and ionomics. Frontiers in Plant Science, 6, 1–36. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.01143
Soil Research Center. (1983). Types and kinds of soil in Indonesia for the purpose of soil surveys and mapping in transmigration areas. Attachment of terms of reference type A soil capability survey. no. 59a/1983. In Pusat penelitian tanah, Badan penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian (p. 25).
Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., Moller, I. M., & Murphy, A. (2018). Plant Physiology and Development (Internatio).
Toren, T. (2002). Determination of environmental impacts due to open pit coal mining activities: a case study from Turkey. Proc SWEMP, 7–10.
Wenshi, H., Zhifeng, L., Fanjin, M., Xiaokun, L., Rihuan, C., Tao, R., Sharkey, T. D., & Jianwei, L. (2020). The reduction in leaf area precedes that in photosynthesis under potassium deficiency: the importance of leaf anatomy. New Phytologist, 227, 1749–1763. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.16644
Wong, Y. K. (1982). Horticultural notes on the Angsana (Pterocarpus indicus). The Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore, 32(2), 189–201.
Ye, T., Li, Y., Zhang, J., Hou, W., Zhou, W., Lu, J., Xing, Y., & Li Xiaokun. (2019). Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilization affects the flowering time of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Global Ecology and Conservation, 20, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00753
Yuningsih, L., Hermansyah, Ibrahim, E., & Marsi. (2021a). Analysis on the characteristics of ex-mining soil after 5 years and 10 years of revegetation. Media Konservasi, 26 (3), 239–247. https://doi.org/10.29244/medkon.26.3.239-247
Yuningsih, L., Hermansyah, Ibrahim, E., & Marsi. (2021b). Diversity, structure and composition of vegetation in post-coal mining reclamation area in Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 22 (8), 3392–3400. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d220836