Landuse Planning for Food Crop Areas Development Using Land Resource Evaluation Approach and GIS Application (a Case Study of Pulang Pisau District, Central Kalimantan Province)

In order to promote sustainable landuse, the need of landuse planning is urgently required and it can be designed based on the result of spatial land resource data management. Land resource evaluation is main component for landuse planning which this procedure was applied to determine land allocation for arable lands for rice farming development. The use of geographic information system (GIS) technology was also employed not only for spatial data management, but they could also be applied to support decision making within establishing landuse planning. The objective of this study was to 65 Agustini et al.: Landuse Planning for Food Crop Areas Development allocate the arable lands for extensification and intensification regions as main part of landuse planning for food crops areas development. In the case of Pulang Pisau District, land allocation for extensification and intensification regions were mainly found in southern part and mostly located at watershed areas with each total areas respectively of 380,261 hectares (36.81%) and 29,941 hectares (2.90% of total areas of Pulang Pisau District). In order to support these potential areas, specific programs could then be formulated to increase the yield and productivity for these regions.


INTRODUCTION
The need of landuse planning is urgently required in order to achieve sustainable agicuture. This reasonable because not all the lands can be optimally utilized depending on their land potential and suitability (Djaenudin, 2009). In the scoupe of management, landuse planning can implemented to help identify the most appropriate land uses for specified purposes (http://www.fao.org/3/CA0827EN/ca0827e n.pdf).
Several programs established by Indonesian government have been implemented in order to achive Indonesia's food self-suffiency and food security as weel (Mulyani and Agus, 2017). One of several food crops that has been established by local government as foccussed program for food self-suffiency and food security included rice. Therefore, the goals of this program should be supported through proper land utilization. In Central Kalimantan, some efforts that have been conducted involve intensification and extensification program for increasing rice productivity. In addition to intensification, land expansion as part of extensification program can be implemented because of the availability of land resources. Information taken from BPS-Statistics of Central Kalimantan Province (2019) stated that at regional scale, by the end of 2018, total area of rice farming is 202,142 hectares or only 1.31% of total areas of Central Kalimantan province and this indicate that land potency based on areas is still available.
Land use planning is then required in order to achieve proper land use because since the land is utilized improperly, productivity rapidly decreases and the ecosystems become jeopardized (Amien, 1998). As part of land use planning, land evaluation approach can be used in order to identify and recognize lands for specified purposes (Ritung et al., 2007;Basic et al., 2003;Arshad, 1999;Abdullah, 1993).
The need for land resources evaluation become apparent when the region has an opportunity to be developed and decisions on land use have always been part of the evolution of human society. By assessing land resources for alternative uses relative to the land -related requirements or goals of society, it should be possible to identify certain areas which are strategically important for particular activities (Bhermana et al., 2013).
Geographic Information System (GIS) become an effective tool for agricultural development since spatial data has important role and essential factor for farming practice. It can provide valuable information related to spatial data to assist land use planning (Yousefi and Razdari, 2015). The use of GIS technology can be employed not only for spatial data management, but they can also be applied to support decision making (Jitendra et al., 2016;Agatsiva and Oroda, 2002). In this study, this technology can be applied to generate baseline information of land resource as basic spatial analysis for land use planning. Spatial concepts for land use planning involving land allocation for agriculture can then be planned and performed accuratelly (Bhermana et al., 2013). It can support regional development policy and common agricultural policy (Alexiadis et al., 2013). The objective of this study was to identify the lands based on land suitability for rice and existing standing crop of rice as basic information and consideration of land use planning for food crops areas development.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study was conducted in 2019 and focussed on existing areas of rice in Pulang Pisau regency. Based on pre eliminary study, administratively, total areas of study cover almost 1,033,122 hectares ( Figure 1). Initial procedure used in this study include land evaluation in order to determine land suitability for rice as part of food crops. This methods used procedure of matching between land quality/characteristics and crop requirement for rice (BBSDLP, 2016;Siswanto, 2006;Sys et al., 1993). The result of land resources evaluation as main component for land use planning process was conducted on the basis of information at semi-detailedlevel with scale of 50, 000.
This level refers to guidelines provided by Indonesian Government Regulation No. 100/2000 about mapping scales for spatial land use planning. The GIS technology were applied as computer-based tool for mapping and analyzing feature events on earth (ESRI, 2012). In this study, remote sensing (RS) technology was also employed to survey and monitor bio-resource features (Menon, 2012). In this study, it was then used to provide land cover information especially for standing crop of rice (Townshend et al., 1991). While for the GIS, it was applied to integrate the RS's data and the result s of land evaluationas part of mapping process for further spatial analysis. Several usefull tolls used in this study include ER Mapper 7.0 and Arc Gis 10.1 software. These tools was employed to organize dan manage spatial data while at the same time, they can also used to assist spatial analysis.  Materials required in this study included several base maps consiting of soil maps, land system maps, agroclimatic maps, topographical maps and administrative maps. Primary data of land cover as RS's data was accessed from Landsat 8. For field verification the GPS device was used to identify land cover and to compare between the resulting maps that have been produced and real condition in the field.The general procedure of this study was described at Figure 2.

Land Resources Information
Pulang Pisau district is situated between 00 o 24'44" and 03 o 28'47" South latitude and 113 o 34'17" and 114 o 20'32" East longitude ( Figure 1). This region is mainly divided into 2 land typology i.e wetlands and drylands. Wetlands areas is mainly found in the southern part and covered by tidal swamplands and peatlands dominantly. This region is characterized by high soil acidity and low soil fertility (Noor et al., 2014). While for drylands, they occupy in the north and also have low soil fertility due to high leaching and low organic matter content (Prasetyo and Suriadikarta, 2006).
The base maps of soil and land system informed that this study areas consist primarily of mineral and organic soils. Several major soil tipes in study areas include Inceptisols, Entisols, Spodosols and Histosols. The organic soils is mailnly found in the southern part of Pulang Pisau district where many rice farming activities has been existed. Based on field observation, mineral soils was mainly found in the northern parts, while in the south, they are located at watersheds areas as alluvil soils and the other regions as sandy soils.
The climate of Central Kalimantan province where Pulang Pisau district lies on is determined by its geographical position on the equator. Geographically, it is considered as wet equatorial climates that occur mainly within 5 o north and south of the equator. It is dominated during most of the year by deep, moist, equatorial air masses and frequent heavy convectional rainfall (Webster and Wilson, 1980). The wet monsoon usually starts from October to March, while dry monsoon occurs on April to September (Oka, 1982).
By the end of 2018, based on the last ten years record, annual precipitation of this region is 2449 mm to 3229 mm. Period ofconsecutivewet monthsrangedbetween10-12monthswhile drymonths occur between0-2months.
The highprecipitation is influenced by temperature resulting in high evaporation intensity, causing watersaturated air conditions and potentially active raincloud. For soil temperature and moisture regime, they have fairly homogeneous conditions for each climatic regime.
Since the elevation of the whole areas of these district is less than 700 meters above sea level, the temperature regim is isohyperthermic, while moisture regime is udic in which the number of consecutive dry months is less than 3 months per year. The general information of soil and climate is then be used as basic analysis for land use planning for food crops development.

Present Land Use for Food Crops
The information of present land use was conducted through identification of standing crop. The application of RS was then used based on its capability to understand the global and physical processes affecting the earth (Mallupattu and Reddy, 2013). The RS' technology was employed to interpret land cover information based satellite imagery accessed from Landsat 8.
The data of standing crop for rice based on coverage areas was spatially integrated into GIS environment in order to provide further information about present landuse for rice specifically (Figure 3). The result of spatial analysis indicate that standing crop areas for rice was mainly found in watershed areas where they have been cultivated at alluvial and peatland areas with total areas of 29,941 hectares or 2.90% of total areas of Pulang Pisau district. Especially for peatlands, these areas can be considered as the subject to land use pressures including agriculture (Jaya et al., 2010). For management, they can be allocated for intensification areas because of the existence of rice farming that has been carried out since along time ago not only by local people but also managed by immigrants.

Determination of Arable Lands for Rice Farming Development
Land suitability evaluation approach was then used in order to determine arable land for food crop especially rice. The macthing procedure between crop requirement and land characteristics lead to the conclusion that arable lands for rice farming have land suitability class S3 (marginally suitable) at reconaisance level. There are several limiting factors determined based on land evaluation such as slope, nutrient retention, oxigen availability, soil acidity, and peat depth. These indicate that the lands should managed appropriately in order to produce optimum yields. For optimum growth, especially for rice, it require pH with neutal conditon, optimum water holding capacity and sufficient water with flat condition of relief for soil surface in order to allow balanced water distribution.
The result of land evaluation was then integrated into GIS environment in order to provide spatial pattern of arable land that represent land suitability for rice. It can then be used as basic consideration as land use recommendation for rice development. Based on spatial analysis, it showed that arable lands for rice farming development were located along the river streams and mostly found in the southern parts with total areas 410,202 hectares or 39.71 % of total areas of Pulang Pisau district ( Figure  4).

Land Use Planning for Rice Farming Development
Land use planning can be used to find sustainable land management (Metternicht, 2017). In order to promote sustainable land use, recommendation of proper land allocation can be designed based on the result of spatial land resource data management. In this study, spatial data that have been produced is then further analyzed using overlay technique within GIS environment.
This technique is capable to create composite maps by combining diverse data sets (Yeniguna and Ruken, 2013). For mapping process, this technique play a central role in many GIS applications because of its simplicity for the implementation in vector and raster GIS (O'Sullivan and Unwin, 2003). In this study, for analytical operation, it required data layers to be joined physically including the map of present landuse for rice, arable land for rice and administration. The resulting map produced provide new map with new delineated homogeneous polygons that represent delineation areas for extensification and intensification. As a results, based on spatial analysis, the arable lands for rice farming can then be divided into 2 regions i.e. extensification and intensification. Land allocation of these regions are found in the southern part where mostly located in watershed areas. Extensification regions are arable lands where suitable for rice but they have not been culticated and they are considered as lands potential for future development with total areas of 380,261 hectares or 36.81% of total areas of Pulang Pisau district. While for intensification regions, they located at arable where the lands have been cultivated for rice faming with total areas of 29,941 hectares or 2.90% ( Figure 5). Specific programs such as technologies specific to location can then be formulated in order to increase the yield and productivity for these regions.

CONCLUSION
In order to promote sustainable land use, landuse planning can be designed based on the result of spatial land resource data management. The application of GIS can be employed to manage and analyze spatial data for specified purposes.The overlay tehcnique and visual analysis within GIS environment can be implemented to provide new spatial information as basic consideration for landuse planning. In the case study of Pulang Pisau district, landuse planning for rice farming development has been established through land allocation for extensification and intensification regions with each total areas respectively of 380,261 hectares (36.81%) and 29,941 hectares ( 2.90% of total areas of Pulang Pisau district). In order to support these potential areas, specific programs can then be formulated to increase the yield and productivity for these regions.